Indian Grandmas

by Donna Gloff

Native American Heritage?

At least two Orlando grandmothers in the Oil Creek area steadfastly claimed Native American heritage to their grandchildren: Francis Willa (Jackson) Sands Krevitch, b.1889. and Ingabo (Church) Parmer, 1842-1935.
There is also evidence of Native Americans south of the Oil Creek watershed. As mentioned in an earlier entry, Nettie Gregory recalled a church on Curry Ridge near Falls Mill and nearby, she was told, were a cemetery for blacks and a cemetery for Indians. Another piece of evidence is a photo of Elzara (Conrad) Wine 1843- 1903, who lived a little south of the Oil Creek watershed. It shows facial features that seem strikingly Native American. (She was the niece of David Smith Wine.)

Left: Francis Willa (Jackson) Sands, Ingabo (Church) Parmer, Elzara (Conrad) Wine

On the other hand, this author has found no indication of Native American heritage in any Orlando-related family trees, censuses or birth, marriage and death records. Nor has anyone mentioned Native Americans in the Oil Creek area.

Pioneers and Indians

It is easy to imagine why there is no word today about Native American heritage. Especially in the early years, a large and abiding segment of the population saw Indians as enemies, threatening and uncivilized. Most of the older pioneers in this area had lived through vicious Indian Wars in the 1770s and ‘80s. The Europeans and Native Americans gave to each other as good as they got. Both the Indians and the Europeans had ambushed and massacred each other with a white-hot hatred. Many pioneers had lost family and neighbors.

The Riffle families, for example, lost one of their patriarchs, Frank Riffle, in 1781. From an 1857 interview with old David Crouch who was a boy present at the time, "Frank Riffle and William Currans were killed next. They were living in George Westfall's fort...They were out at their farms, expect they were planting. Late, at near dusk, they started for the settlement. The men were before, walking, and were shot. Susan Shaver, a married daughter of Riffle's and some other woman, I expect one of her sisters, were behind and were to ride. They heard the guns and just mounted the horses and rode to the fort. The horses galloped and Susan Shaver's horse, as he came galloping along, just jumped over her father. It was so dark she never saw him. Only saw a bulk or something, didn't know what it was. The Indians had stripped the clothes, every bit off of him and stretched him right across the road…" Frank was the brother of Willa Jackson’s 2-great grandfather Jacob Riffle.

Francis Willa (Jackson) Sands’ first husband James “Jim” Sands’ great grandmother Levisa "Levicy" Fields also knew the fear and violence of the Indian Wars. "When Levisa was about five years old, her family lived in a log cabin about three miles from a fort, established at or near the present site of Charleston, West Virginia. Mr. Fields and his wife had seven children, including Levisa. One day some little distance from the cabin, Levisa was up in an apple tree breaking apple blossoms. The family dog saw Indians approaching the cabin and barked, thus attracting the attention of both Levisa and her father to the Indians. Levisa sat still up in the tree and her father hid under a log. The Indians ran into the cabin, killed and scalped Mrs. Fields and six of the children, and then went to the clearing and killed and scalped Mr. Fields. They set fire to the cabin, and ran away. They did not discover Levisa, and when she saw them leave, she climbed down from the tree and went to the fort."-- Chapman, Berlin B., Chapman Family: A Study in the Social Development of Central West Virginia, [The] (Tulsa, OK: Mid-West Printing Co., 1942), p.8. [Located at University of Nebraska Library, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-4100.]

Left: A Cherokee woman and child from an unknown source, found on the internet
.Right: Green is the boundaries of the Cherokee nation in the 1700s. Orlando is in red north and east of the Cherkee area.

We have no word about the nature of Ingabo (Church) Parmer’s or Elzara (Conrad) Wine’s Indian heritages, or the Indians who are buried on Curry Ridge to the south of us. However, Francis Willa (Jackson) Sands told her grandsons they were Cherokee.

We don’t think Francis knew how her people came to be in the area. Looking for clues leads to the infamous Trail of Tears in 1832 which began the removal of the Cherokee from their land. Some Cherokee disappeared into the hills rather than move west. The Cherokee Nation extended, at its greatest reach, to the Kanawha River, where Charleston is located today. Charleston is about 85 miles south of Orlando.

Systematic oppression of Native Americans continued into at least the second half of the 1900s. An entry at the West Virginia Cultural Archives states that “According to newspaper reports, individuals were being shipped away to Oklahoma reservations as late as the 1950's. Until 1965, it was considered technically illegal for a Native American to own property in West Virginia, though this law was seldom enforced.” http://www.wvculture.org/arts/ethnic/native.html

It is no wonder there is no public knowledge of Native American lines in the Orlando area.

A Grandmother’s Gift

Pauline Bennett remembers her grandmother Ingabo Parmer told her they were part Indian. Francis Sands was specific. She was Cherokee. Her grandson Noel remembers, “My Grandmother was very proud of her Cherokee blood and she was quite a character. Granny used to keep me and my cousins spellbound with tales of Jackson Mill. If I listened to Granny long I'd soon picture Cherokee's dancing around their fire getting ready for the warpath. I'd be willing to bet what's left of my life on Granny's many stories being truthful. I've never known or found out Granny said anything that was a lie or intentionally deceitful.”

Left: Noel, Doug Foster, Pauline Bennett

[1] Draper Collection of Kentucky Papers, David Crouch Interview, (Draper Mss #12CC225 on microfilm at WV University Library at Morgantown):

The Good Grandma

by Donna Gloff

Along the southeastern edge of the Oil Creek watershed, around Knawls Creek, Orlando’s RFD postal route 2 takes in a small area that is drained by the Little Kanawha. It is in that area that James Edward Sands and Francis Willa Jackson had their farm in the early 1900s. Francis’ family had been pioneer settlers five or ten miles south of what would become Orlando. They came, like most of the area’s settlers, from the Valley of Virginia. Willa was a Riffle on her mother’s side while Jim was a cousin of P. N. "Uncle Zeke" Blake through the Sands family.

Francis and James married in 1906 in her parents’ home. Her name is listed as Nancy on the marriage certificate. She was 17 and James was 33. She called him Poppy. They had five children: Violet, Ada, Juanita, Willa Francis and Edward. Willa and James separated, then divorced. James and their son Edward stayed in Orlando. Father and son moved to Alaska for a time, but returned to the Orlando area.

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Francis and their four girls went to Wheeling. In 1928 in Wheeling Francis remarried to a coal miner named Pete Krevich. They were both 39. Over the fireplace, in the living room of their home, hung the cross. On one side was a photo of Franklin D. Roosevelt, on the other side was a photo of John L. Lewis, the coal miner activist.

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Left: from the internet, pictures of FDR, a crusifix and John L. Lewis.

Grandsons Remember

Francis’ grandsons remembers their granny with joy. She was a woman who could take care of herself, and took care of others, too. She could fire a young boy’s dreams of adventure, she loved pretty things and she was a great, "down home" cook. What more could a boy look for in a grandma?

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A Cherokee Heritage

Her grandchildren learned from their grandmother of a Cherokee heritage. Grandson Doug remembers that every time Granny was disgusted with her taxes she’s threaten to move to the Reservation where she wouldn’t have to pay taxes. Grandson Noel remembers, "My Grandmother was very proud of her Cherokee blood and she was quite a character. Granny used to keep me and my cousins spellbound . . If I listened to Granny long I’d soon picture Cherokee’s dancing around their fire getting ready for the warpath." (Research has turned up no evidence of Native Americans in their lineage, but there are incomplete family lines that could go anywhere.)

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Producing and Preserving

Doug Foster also recalls helping his grandmother produce and preserve food. "She’d start with 350 chicks. During the summer she would loose a few, so in the fall she had about 325 chickens to cold pack. She also kept a hog, but she didn’t butcher it, she sold it.

"I remember in the spring we’d plant corn and beans together. She would dig her shovel in to open a hole, and it was my job to drop in one corn and one bean. The beans were ‘Kentucky Wonders.’ The corn stalks would grow and the beans would grow right up to corn stalks. While the corn supported the beans, the beans added to the soil some of the nitrogen the corn needed."

Left: Corn and pole beans growing together

Right: Canned chicken. Doug says his granny left the bones in, these jars seem to hold boned chicken.

"I also remember helping her put up sauerkraut. She’s get sacks of flat dutch cabbages. She would cut them and I would shred them. Then she packed the shredded cabbage into 20 gallon crocks, filled the crocks with brine, and put a loose-fitting dinner plate on top of the filled crocks and weighted the plates with a rock. Later she would cold pack the sauerkraut."

Right: New shreded cabbage in a crock: first step to making kraut.

Left: Elderberries

Doug recalls gathering elderberries, blackberries and black raspberries for his grandmother.

Both men remember cooked field greens. Noel remembers "Granny positively loved going into the woods and hills close to Wheeling (approx. 1 & 1/2 miles) to forage for greens. She always took some of us kids with her. The reason I think was first we had a lot of stuff to carry and bring back and secondly I think Granny wanted to teach her younguns the skill and knowledge of picking greens the right way. When Granny picked greens we usually had a minimum of three big paper shopping bags. One was primarily for Danny's = Dandelions and cress = watercress. One was for various berries (polk. etc) and the third was for many other kinds of 'woods stuff' (sometimes barks, mosses, ferns.)"

Doug remembers that Granny would send him and his sister for dandelions. The Danny heads could not yet be blossomed out (turned yellow or opened up) and the leaves still had to be all 'clean green' with no brown blotches on them and no more than 3 inches long. Any longer and the leaves would be bitter. Doug also remembers watercress and pokeweed. (Pokeweed is poisonous unless it is cooked correctly.) Noel recalls "Sometimes Granny included some of the 'Danny' roots in our bags (to make a medicinal tea and sometimes add to her potions."

Hunting Skills

Noel remembers Granny’s cooked up game with greens. Noel recalls Granny was a remarkable shot. "When she was telling us kids her Indian Stories Granny often bragged about how good a shot she and her kin were. Example: What Granny called: ‘barking squirrels’ by shooting between a branch and a squirrels resting head on the branch and how ‘that squirrel would drop dead to the ground with no wound to the head and just a drop of blood on it’s nose’."

Noel also recalled "One day when Granny was relating another of her many ‘Indian stories’ and what experts shots they all were: - - - - - us kids dared Granny to shoot a 22BB shot (half the size of a 22 short) from inside the kitchen through the slot of a slightly raised window (to lessen the noise) at a pigeon strutting outside in our Wheeling, W.Va. back yard. Granny made us first promise we’d eat the pigeon and not waste ‘it’s life.’

"Then Granny took the 22 - whilst me an my cousins were laughing and poking each other in the ribs at how funny Granny looked holding the 22 between her two outstretched hands - without the stock against her shoulder or body and she just seemed to point the gun for a couple seconds and blammmmmmm the gun went off and that pigeon keeled over stone dead; when we went out and looked she had shot that bird from about 7 yards and the 22BB had passed through one eye and out the other eye on the other side!!!!. Granny fried that Pigeon it with a skillet full of dandelions and bacon bits and ‘greens.’"

Noel once asked Granny if she’d ever heard that ditty ’20 blackbirds in a pie’ and she immediately said ‘Noel if you’ll get me a sack of blackbirds, I’ll bake you a nice pie outta them.’
"I had a .410 shotgun (.22 cal on top combo) and I went out to a place where lotsa blackbirds flew in huge flocks. It didn’t take long for me to bring back to Granny a sack full of them and Granny immediately - in less than 20 minutes!!!! - skinned and gutted the lot (25 to 35) of them. She cut the heads and feet off but told me the heads were also good in a pie. She then stewed all those blackbird carcasses in her biggest black cast iron skillet and when they were ready she dumped the lot into another cast iron skillet with pie dough spread on the bottom and sides. Granny then put another big piece of pie dough top on top and poked holes in the pie dough with a fork. In about 90 mins total time from when I brought the sack to Granny, She and I and some friends were eating that blackbird pie until there wasn’t a scrap left to throw away.

"In Italy many years later I had something similar made with what appeared to be small sparrows (and the heads WERE included in that pie) but it didn’t even come close to being as good as Granny’s blackbirds pie."

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Doug and Noel well recall their grandmother vs the sewer rat. A rat got into the house in Wheeling, in the kitchen. Granny shut the doors tight to keep the rat in and got Noel and Doug and his brother Don out into the back yard. Granny went in. There was an awful scuffle. When Granny opened the door, there was the rat with its head cut off. First she had smacked it senseless with one of those small flat shovels she used to shovel ashes out of her pot belly stove. After Granny hit it with the shovel she hacked off the head with her largest butcher knife and carried the gory remains out to the trash can. The rat had not left this life easily. Doug remembers Granny told them the rat had fought back and nearly bitten her neck.